Month: December 2023

Categories
Climate Change & Environment

CLIMATE CHANGE: THREAT OR OPPORTUNITY?

Exploring the challenges facing the Nigeria energy mix, resource optimization, and environmental crisis

Significant recent events impacting the ecosystem, environment, climate, and energy are all associated with climate change. The effects of climate change on various societal sectors are interconnected. Food production and human health can be harmed by drought. Flooding has the potential to spread illness and harm infrastructure and ecosystems. Health problems can reduce workers’ productivity, raise mortality, and have an impact on the availability of food. The impacts of climate change can be seen in every area of our world. Furthermore, the consequences of climate change are not homogeneous across the world; even within a country, different regions may experience different impacts. Underserved communities (mostly in Africa), which frequently have the highest exposure to risks and the fewest resources to respond, might become increasingly vulnerable as a result of long-standing socioeconomic inequalities.

A typical example is Lake Chad, one of Africa’s largest water bodies, bounded by Nigeria, Chad, Niger, and Cameroon. The lake’s size has decreased by 90 percent[1] due to overuse of water, extended drought, and the impacts of climate change. Less than 1,500 square kilometers now make up the lake’s surface, down from 26,000 square kilometers in 1963. In addition to destroying livelihoods, the reduction—which has been dubbed an ecological disaster—has also resulted in the loss of invaluable biodiversity.

Changing Surface Area of Lake Chad, 1963 – 2013

Again, a panacea to the current status quo is the way of Energy Transition, as the major contributor to climate change is the emission of carbon via the generation and consumption of fossil fuels. For most developing countries such as Nigeria, it is important to keep in mind that substantial clean energy source(s), infrastructure to harness these resources for generation, and a structure for efficient distribution should all be existent for the energy mix to be properly substituted. Hydro, gas, and solar are potentially alternative substitutes to displace the ‘dirty’ components of Nigeria’s energy mix. However, the scourge of climate change doesn’t ignore its impacts on natural resources (renewable and nonrenewable). Could Nigeria make the most of the persisting effects of climate change? Exist any possibilities that could be explored to improve the current circumstance in the long run?

Solar Power Potential

Africa is generally acknowledged to possess the world’s greatest potential for solar energy, with the highest levels of solar radiation exposure[2]. Geographically, Nigeria falls in this region with enormous solar energy potential. As a result, investing in and fully exploiting this energy source is tremendous potential and benefits to boost the nation’s power generation. The two top African nations utilizing solar energy as the major constituent of their energy dynamics are South Africa and Egypt, particularly in power generation.

World Map of Global Horizontal Irradiation, Solaris 2013

Hydropower generation and flood mitigation

Because of heavy and continuous rainfall (in the tropical rainforest)[3], areas along river channels and their tributaries are frequently flooded throughout the nation. Two of the main options for controlling floods involve modifying high-capacity existing dams (technologically and structurally), like the Kainji dam in Niger State, and constructing new ones; possibly along the Benue River (to cushion the impact of the Lagdo dam release, Cameroon). The enormous amount of water (high flow rate) being used in conjunction with sophisticated turbines and generators would significantly improve the capacity of such dams to generate electricity. As a result, the improved and newly constructed dams would be able to hold a large volume of water, potentially reducing overflow that may ultimately cause floods. Additionally, this could serve as a considerable water supply for domestic use as well as irrigation in areas beset by drought and desert encroachment.

(a) Global Rainfall erosivity map (spatial resolution of 30 arc-seconds). Erosivity classes correspond to quantiles;(b) number and cumulative percentage of GloREDa stations grouped by erosivity; (c) mean erosivity by continent; (d) mean erosivity by climate zone.

Rainfall erosivity is an index that describes the power of rainfall to cause soil erosion (and potentially flooding).

There is no denying that climate change poses a serious threat to the existence and prosperity of our planet. As a result, a periodic holistic approach is necessary to use the situation to modify or better the status quo. Accordingly, while proactive policies should indeed be designed to prevent possible crises, adaptive measures should be explored to help the nation’s present situation. Furthermore, Nigeria’s energy transition agenda should be encouraged by taking full advantage and maximizing the nation’s renewable energy mix, which includes solar and hydropower, since they have the ability to improve the nation’s dire energy condition.

Resolutions were made for concerned government offices and agencies to take into consideration to ensure an efficient and wholesome transition at the National Dialogue on Energy Transition, which was organized by the Natural Resource Governance Institute (NRGI) in collaboration with the Nigeria Extractives Industries Transparency Initiative (NEITI) and BudgIT Foundation[4].

footnotes

[1] https://reliefweb.int/report/chad/tale-disappearing-lake

[2] https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/07/africa-solar-power-energy-sustainability-climate-change/

[3] https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-the-climate-of-the-rainforest/

[4] https://resourcegovernance.org/events/nigeria-national-dialogue-energy-transition

Categories
Climate Change & Environment

CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION IN NIGERIA; CATALYST FOR ENERGY TRANSITION

Devastating events are occurring in many nations, making the effects of climate change clear and unrelenting worldwide. This is evidenced by, among other things, flooding, temperature rise, the expansion of the desert, difficulties with economic activity (agricultural), and biodiversity loss[1]. The effects are most severe in Africa, and it is likely that nothing will change—if anything, things might even grow worse. It seems unjust that the continent suffers the most from climate change given that Africa makes up the least proportion of the world’s carbon emissions[2]. Research has found that most African nations have been apathetic and negligent about the realities of the world today, whereas other nations have greatly reduced their vulnerabilities to the effects of climate change. The world has made an innovative move to lessen these impacts by steadily lowering carbon emissions and, as a result, looking into renewable and sustainable sources of energy. [3]

If vulnerabilities that accommodate climate change impacts are not strategically addressed through the technical implementation of adaptation policies, energy transition in African nations would essentially be frustrated. Nigeria serves as a good example of an African nation with developed policies to control and maybe avert these effects. However, some bottlenecks in governance and resource management have prevented the implementation of these policies. Some of these policies are;

  1. Nigeria energy Transition Plan
  2. National Adaptation Strategy and Plan of Action on Climate Change for Nigeria (NASPA-CCN) 2011
  3. National Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy (NREEEP) 2015;
  4. National Gas Policy (2017)
  5. National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) 2016;
  6. National Forest Policy (NFP) 2010;
  7. National Forestry Action Plan (NFAP) 1996;
  8. National Policy on Environmental 2016;
  9. Nigeria Agricultural Policy 2001;
  10. Agricultural Promotion Policy (APP) 2016 – 2020;
  11. National Climate Change Policy and Respond Strategy (NCCPRS) 2012;
  12. National Policy on Drought and Desertification (NPDD) 2007;
  13. Great Green Wall for the Sahara And Sahel Initiative National Strategic Action Plan (GGWSAP) 2012;
  14. National Agricultural Resilience Framework (NARF) 2013;
  15. National Health Policy (2016);
  16. National Water Policy (2012);
  17. National Transport Policy (2016)
  18. Nigeria Industrial Revolution Plan (2014)

In summary, the goals of these policies are to support the growth of the nation in all strategic sectors, including the economy, governance, resource optimization, delivery of public services, and technological innovation, among others.

Granted that they depend on each other to achieve a collective goal on a significant scale, these policies can be effectively implemented to work in concert. It is crucial to note that properly implementing these policies would significantly impact the nation’s economy, governance, and political climate, as well as technology and innovation, efficient use of natural resources, and ultimately public service delivery. To this end, African countries including Nigeria must leverage the capacity of their external audit bodies – Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) to monitor implementation of all policies necessary to stimulate adaptation to climate change impact on the continent with a view to ensuring that planned objectives are realized and the continent remains on the path of sustainable development.

In conclusion, the ability of a nation to manage and control the effects of climate change has had a direct or indirect impact on the nation’s growth and survival in recent years. This suggests, however, that a country’s or region’s degree of susceptibility to the effects of climate change would significantly affect (in a favorable or negative way) both its capacity to remain economically viable and its prospective propensity to transition to clean energy sources.

footnotes

[1] https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/climate/climate-change-impacts

[2] https://www.afdb.org/en/cop25/climate-change-africa

[3] https://reliefweb.int/report/world/global-climate-risk-index-2021

Categories
Climate Change & Environment

CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION IN NIGERIA: BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN NATIONAL AND SUBNATIONAL GOVERNMENTS

Without a doubt, climate change has sparked a domino effect, frequently impacting the critical sectors (extractive, industrial, health, and agriculture/food production) of economies worldwide. The Global South (Latin America, Africa, and most of Asia) according to research suffers most of the brunt and with no or underperforming governments, institutions, and critical sectors, countries that fall within the southern hemisphere become more weakened and constantly losing opportunities to leverage to adapt and mitigate these adverse effects[1]. The vast majority of the time, national governments and institutions are exclusively held accountable for attempting to remediate the problem at hand. While it appears that just certain parts of the government are burdened with such responsibilities, the resulting impacts are not always extensive, and over time, mediocre achievements are usually produced. To effectively address these challenges, it is crucial to establish strong coordination and collaboration between the national and subnational levels of government in various countries.

Nigeria recognizes the importance of climate change adaptation and has developed a National Adaptation Strategy and Plan of Action on Climate Change (NASPA-CCN)[2]. The NASPA-CCN provides a strategic roadmap for addressing climate change impacts and outlines the roles and responsibilities of different government levels, including the national, state, and local governments. It emphasizes the need for cooperation, coordination, and capacity-building among these entities.

The Role of the National Government:

The national government plays a vital role in climate change adaptation by providing policy direction, setting national targets, and facilitating the implementation of adaptation initiatives. It establishes legal and regulatory frameworks, conducts research, and mobilizes financial resources to support adaptation efforts. The national government also engages in international climate change negotiations and accesses global funding mechanisms to support adaptation at the subnational level.

The Importance of Subnational Governments:

Subnational governments, including state and local governments, are at the forefront of climate change impacts and adaptation actions. They are closer to the communities and ecosystems experiencing the effects of climate change, making them well-positioned to implement localized adaptation strategies. Subnational governments can develop climate resilience plans, promote sustainable land and water management practices, integrate climate considerations into urban planning, and foster community engagement and awareness.

Challenges and Opportunities:

Despite the growing recognition of climate change adaptation at both the national and subnational levels in Nigeria, several challenges persist. Limited technical capacity, inadequate financial resources, and insufficient coordination between government levels hinder effective adaptation implementation. Additionally, there is a need to enhance data collection and monitoring systems to support evidence-based decision-making.

However, these challenges present opportunities for collaboration and innovation. By strengthening communication channels and coordination mechanisms, the national and subnational governments can share best practices, exchange knowledge, and build a collective understanding of climate change adaptation priorities. Capacity-building programs can empower subnational governments to develop and implement context-specific adaptation strategies, leveraging local knowledge and expertise.

Recommendations for Bridging the Gap:

To bridge the gap between the national and subnational levels in climate change adaptation, the following recommendations can be considered:

  1. Enhance intergovernmental coordination and communication channels to ensure the alignment of national and subnational adaptation strategies.
  2. Increase financial resources for subnational governments, including access to climate finance mechanisms, to support the implementation of adaptation projects at the local level.
  3. Strengthen capacity-building efforts for subnational governments, providing technical training and knowledge-sharing platforms to enhance their understanding of climate change risks and adaptation measures.
  4. Develop robust monitoring and evaluation frameworks to assess the effectiveness of adaptation initiatives, identify lessons learned, and facilitate adaptive learning among all levels of government.
  5. Promote community participation and engagement in adaptation planning and implementation, recognizing the importance of local knowledge and empowering communities to take ownership of adaptation actions.

Conclusion:

Addressing the impacts of climate change requires a coordinated and inclusive approach that spans national and subnational levels of governance. Nigeria has taken significant steps by developing the National Framework for Climate Change Adaptation. However, bridging the gap between the national and subnational governments is essential for effective and localized adaptation responses.

By strengthening collaboration, providing financial resources, building capacity, and engaging communities, Nigeria can foster an integrated and multi-level governance approach to climate change adaptation. This will help ensure the resilience of ecosystems, economies, and communities while creating a sustainable and climate-resilient future for generations to come.

Footnotes

[1] https://www.fairplanet.org/story/how-climate-colonialism-affects-the-global-south/#:~:text=The%20climate%20crisis%20is%20a,or%20respond%20to%20natural%20catastrophes.

[2] NATIONAL-ADAPTATION-STRATEGY-AND-PLAN-OF-ACTION.pdf (csdevnet.org)

Categories
Gender Equality & Social Inclusion

GENDER EQUALITY ACCOUNTABILITY: ROLE OF SUPREME AUDIT INSTITUTIONS IN NIGERIA

As external public sector oversight body, SAIs can play vital role in promoting and achieving gender equality and resolving the different challenges faced by men, women, and the marginalized group in the society. Given their mandates covering not only government spending but assessing effective implementations of government policies, the Supreme Audit Institutions SAIs occupies preeminent positions as effective agents of accountability to the public. SAIs are committed to ensuring governments’ respect for financial discipline and accurate reporting, policy, and extant rules compliance, and – through performance or value-for-money auditing – effective policy and program delivery ([1]). They have the potential to significantly improve gender equality commitments of the government through auditing the implementation of the gender equality policies and its objectives. For instance, they can improve state-society relations, democracy, and service delivery by auditing and reporting on the application of national gender laws, regulations, policies, and international treaties.

In Parliamentary systems like Canada, SAIs publishes reports both publicly and directly to the parliamentarians who hold the executives accountable for any transgressions or poor results identified through the audit report ([2]). Gender equality is essential for inclusive development and all government institutions must deliberately consider gender equality and the marginalized populations when appropriating public resources. It is therefore imperative for SAIs to integrate gender auditing to their work. The “leaving no one behind” concept is centralized at the heart of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with the fifth goal focusing on gender equality. In societies where women, men, boys, girls, and other marginalized groups are often left behind in decision making, oversight actors like Supreme Audit Institutions SAIs are critical for improving the lives of vulnerable groups. SAIs is well positioned to performance audits that assess the economy, efficiency, and effectiveness of important government programs that support certain SDG objectives. Selecting audits on SDG-related subjects can give a thorough understanding of the obstacles to reaching specific SDG targets and give insights into the kinds of policies and strategies that can enable better results.

Numerous SAIs across other countries including Canada have recently applied gender lens in audits, especially in auditing the level of implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The office of the Auditor-General of Canada is one of the first Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) to audit its government’s commitment towards achieving gender equality. This audit examined the Federal Plan on Gender Equality in 2009, and since then, members of the Organization of Latin American and Caribbean SAIs (OLACEFS), the African Organization of SAIs (AFROSAI), and the European Organization of SAIs (EUROSAI) have adopted gender equality auditing, both internally and externally to audits their government’s commitments on gender equality ([3])

In 2018, 16 SAIs from Latin American and Caribbean plus SAIs from Spain and Bogota Audit Office reviewed how governments were prepared to implement SDG-5. Among them was SAI Costa Rica. As a result of their audit, SAIs asked the Costa Rican Government to develop guideline in conducting studies to accelerate gender actions and to improve the integration of SDG5 target into their national planning. Today the country has met more than half of their audit recommendations. ([4])

The SDG commitments on gender equality builds on the ones made by UN member states during the 4th World Conference on Women in Beijing, China, in favor of gender equality and the promotion of women and girls (1995). Through the adoption of national and sub-national legislation, regulations, policies, plans, strategies, and budgets as well as defining the roles and responsibilities within governmental institutions for effective implementations of the policies, countries all over the world have strengthened their commitments to gender equality and gender mainstreaming on an international level following the conference.

Unequivocally, the National Gender Policy which was developed in 2006 to provide strategic policy guidance for mainstreaming gender at all levels as well as addresses the inequalities that exist in the socio-economic sphere has specifically assisted in drawing public attention to the rights of women and girls, and other vulnerable groups. The Government of Nigeria continues to reiterate its commitment to building a nation devoid of gender discrimination, guaranteeing equal access to political, social and economic opportunities for women and men; and developing a culture that places premium on the protection of all persons including children and other vulnerable groups. This necessitated a revision of the National Gender Policy (2021-2016) anchored on the objective “to build a just society devoid of discrimination, where the needs and concerns of women, men, girls, boys, and other vulnerable groups are mainstreamed equitably into all sectors of national development”. ([5])

Similarly, the Ministry of Education in response to the National Gender Policy (NGP) developed the National Policy on Gender in Education (NPGE) to address access, retention and completion concerns for boys, girls, men and women in education. The NPGE is central to ensuring the attainment of SDGs 4&5, and the elimination of all forms of discrimination in education thereby ensuring equity, equality, parity and social inclusion ([6])

Also, in line with this, the INEC GENDER POLICY commits to the promotion of equity and equality between women and men in the electoral process, ensuring that INEC’s internal systems, response mechanisms including policies, plans, processes, and operations are gender-responsive, encourage gender equity and balance within political parties, implement gender-responsive budgeting systems and support the realization of legislative provisions that pre-determine the achievement of gender equality targets in political representation at all electoral levels ([7]).

Furthermore, the Nigerian government launched the NATIONAL GENDER POLICY ON AGRICULTURE to reduce the vulnerabilities of women, enhance food security, ensure the promotion and adoption of gender sensitive and gender responsive approaches to the agriculture sector planning and programming ([8]). Agriculture currently contributes 22.8% of Nigeria’s GDP and employs 25% of the working population. The share of informal sector agriculture contribution to gross domestic product (GDP) is 91.8% as against 8.2% from the formal sector. However, the critical needs of small-scale women farmers and the vulnerable are ignored in budgetary provisions and the allocation of public resources. Against this foregoing, the coalition of women farmers’ associations and groups across Nigeria in December 2022 called for a gender audit of agriculture programmes in Nigeria and asked that the government consider a five-year special audit of gender in agricultural budgeting 2016-2021([9]).

Nigeria has committed itself to promoting gender equality in various sectors of the economy by signing international treaties which seek to eliminate gender disparities. The marginal implementation of the provisions of these polices despite the declared commitment of the government demands a wake-up call for more action from all stakeholders. It is therefore important for all 73 Supreme Audit Institutions at national and subnational levels in Nigeria which possesses constitutional powers to audit implemention of policies to begin performing these statutory functions. Audit Offices will need to conduct performance audit on all gender commitments made by federal, state and local governments’ ministries, departments and agencies to assess effectiveness of implementation, identify implementation gaps and offer suitable recommendations to enhance realization of policy objectives.

Accountability and oversight remain crucial. By integrating a gender dimension to audit work, SAIs, through timely, relevant audits and reports, can significantly influence and assist governments in ensuring national responses reflect the needs and voices of women, girls, and marginalized groups. Civil Society Organizations can also help SAIs to hold government to account, facilitate audit impacts, communicate, and advocate for gender equality. In Nigeria, CLEEN Foundation with support from the Government of Italy and UN Women published a Gender Audit Report on the Assessment of Protection Services and Shelters in Edo and Lagos States ([10]).

Footnotes

[1]https://www.cowater.com/en/role-supreme-audit-institutions/

[2]https://www.cowater.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/PFMA_SAI_WhitePaper.compressed.pdf

[3]http://intosaijournal.org/auditing-gender-equality-an-opportunity-for-sais-to-make-a-difference-and-lead-by-example//

[4]https://web.facebook.com/watch/?v=1931354580404665

[5] http://wrapanigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/NATIONAL-GENDER-POLICY.pdf

[6] https://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/sites/default/files/ressources/national-policy-on-gender-education-guide-new.pdf

[7] https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/INEC-GENDER-POLICY-2021-2025.pdf

[8] https://nigeria.actionaid.org/publications/2021/national-gender-policy-agriculture-simplified-version-smallholder-women-farmers#downloads

[9] https://csj-ng.org/swofon-demands-gender-audit-of-agriculture-programmes-in-nigeria/

[10]https://africa.unwomen.org/en/news-and-events/stories/2021/07/gender-audit-report-on-assessment-of-protection-services-and-shelter-in-nigeria-unveiled

Categories
Gender Equality & Social Inclusion

WHY GENDER EQUALITY IS CRUCIAL TO NIGERIA’S DEVELOPMENT

Conspicuously, progress and development in human societies require the participation of men and women, boys and girls, and the marginalized groups in society. Gender equality is integral to human development, as aptly pointed out by Mahbub-ul Haq: “Development, if not engendered, is endangered”. Equally, economic growth, regardless of the approach adopted, has been amply demonstrated to be uneven and unsustainable in the long run if it is sought to be realized in a situation where there are significant gender inequalities[1].

The World Bank Group in Nigeria has said that of the 30 million people with disabilities, 18 million are of working age, and only 0.3% is gainfully employed[2]. Also, the analysis of Nigeria’s 2023 proposed budget has shown that only N58 billion (0.29 percent) is allocated to women’s economic empowerment (WEE) programs when measured as a percentage of the total budget. This indicates a 43 percent reduction from the 2022 WEE allocation, which stood at N103 billion[3]. However, apart from social justice, which demands equal opportunity for all citizens, it is smart economics to plan with both halves of the population because it benefits society. To achieve sustainable development, nations must collaborate with their men, women, and vulnerable groups and pay attention to their individual needs and preferences.

Nigerian leaders are not bereft of ideas and policies, over the years, various policies and programs have been introduced both at the federal and subnational levels to address gender equality: At the regional level, Africa has responded to the global waves of rights and development. Like many governments, Nigeria does not always implement its budget as approved by the legislature, an issue known as budget realism or budget credibility[4].

Social protection for the young, elderly, and all vulnerable segments of the population is also at the core of Nigeria’s 2021–2025 NDP. Given the high poverty and unemployment rates among youth and women in the country, gender and youth-responsive approaches to development will be incorporated into the direct policy interventions of the government and other partners to support the attainment of the relevant SDGs. Nigeria’s current NDP is a successor to the 2017–2020 Economic Recovery and Growth Plan (ERGP), which elapsed in December 2020 and emphasized the need to prioritize investment in human development to provide equitable access to quality education and health services for all Nigerians[5].

In defiance of this, Nigeria continues to perform poorly, gauging by the synthesis of performance across four dimensions of the Gender Gap Index adopted globally. In the Economic Participation and Opportunity sub-index, Nigeria ranked 50 among the 146 benchmarked countries with a score of 0.724 (The Global Gender Gap Index 2022). For the Education Attainment sub-index, Nigeria ranked 134 positions with a GGI of 0.826 (The Global Gender Gap Index 2022). For the Health and Survival sub-index, Nigeria ranked 97th with a GGI of 0.967 (The Global Gender Gap Index 2022). Notably, Nigeria ranked 141 in the Political Participation sub-index with a GGI score of 0.040. Overall, Nigeria ranked 123 with an index score of 0.639, +0.012 of 2021 (The Global Gender Gap Index 2022), thereby falling much behind such African countries as Rwanda, South Africa, Uganda, Kenya, Ghana, Tanzania, Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, among others[6].

A number of African countries (in particular, Rwanda, Kenya, South Africa, Egypt, Ghana, and Tunisia) have recorded remarkable achievements in their bid to promote gender equality and the empowerment of women through legal rights and constitutional reviews. The judiciary and legal practitioners in such countries are reportedly very creative in interpreting laws, driven by knowledge and understanding of gender equality issues and other related human rights principles. Other enabling factors in these countries are access to resources, for example, the use of gender-responsive budgeting to achieve a gender mainstreaming strategy for the promotion of gender equality, women’s empowerment, and inclusive planning for development[7].

In Nigeria, as in many other nations, gender equality remains a significant issue. While Nigeria has made some strides, more work needs to be done, and it requires sustained effort and commitment from all stakeholders. Despite various policy documents, including the national gender policy, the INEC gender policy, the national policy on gender education, the gender policy on agriculture, and the Violence Against Persons (Prohibition) Act (VAPP), there is no clear way to identify how government allocation and public spending impact these areas, hence the need to conduct a performance audit. The importance of conducting a performance audit on gender equality cannot be undermined. The reasons why it is vital to examine gender equality through a performance audit are:

  1. Promote accountability and transparency.
  2. Assess gender equality policies and programs and government compliance in their implementation.
  3. Provide informed decision-making.
  4. Identify and examine the gender-specific impacts of government programs.
  5. Publish audit findings on gender issues and how they affect citizens, as well as audit recommendations based on evidence.

Footnotes

[1] https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/in/engendering_human_development.pdf

[2] https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/05/of-18mn-pwds-within-working-age-only-0-3-gainfully-employed-world-bank/

[3] https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/564405-analysis-of-nigerias-2023-budget-shows-0-29-allocated-to-womens-empowerment.html?tztc=1

[4] https://internationalbudget.org/wp-content/uploads/Nigeria-Budget-Credibility-and-the-Sustainable-Development-Goals.pdf

[5] https://nationalplanning.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/NDP-2021-2025_AA_FINAL_PRINTING.pdf

[6] https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2022.pdf

[7] file:///C:/Users/USER%20PC/Desktop/NATIONAL-GENDER-POLICY%201.pdf

Facebook-f
Copyright 2025 Policytracker. All rights reserved.

Main Navigation

Other Navigation

Contact

  • policytracker@plsinitiative.org
  • +234(0)-8162029964
  • Second Floor, #13, Moses Majekodunmi Crescent, Utako, Abuja Nigeria.